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Schriftgröße

Beatrix Kramlovsky

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Roman. Aus dem Spanischen von Hans-Joachim Hartstein. Unionsverlag Zürich 2014, geb., 651 S.
Mit einem Nachwort des Autors.

DAS  SELBSTBESTIMMTE  LEBEN DES  LEONARDO  PADURA

Ein Häretiker aus Kuba beschreibt das Wesen der Ketzerei

Beatrix Kramlovsky

Leonardo Padura, 59 Jahre alt, wuchs nach der Revolution auf und war Teil des Umwandlungsprozesses der Gesellschaft. Sein Denken wurde vom revolutionären Kuba geprägt. Als nach dem Fall der Mauer der Hunger auf der Insel einzog, kamen Wahrheiten ans Licht, der sich seine Generation erst stellen musste. Für ihn war die Literatur eine Möglichkeit, mit diesem Schock umzugehen. Als Journalist konnte er das nicht (er hatte ohnedies bereits Strafversetzungen riskiert und war als unbequem bekannt), als Essayist hatte er sich bereits mit widersprüchlichen Schriftstellern anderer Länder auseinander gesetzt. Nun begann er, in Romanen seine neue Welt zu begreifen. Das Havanna-Quartett, vier außergewöhnlich konzipierte Krimis, erschien noch vor dem Millenium.
    
Padura bekannte 2005, dass er gewisse Regeln des Krimigenres benutze, um auf die dunklen Seiten der kubanischen Gesellschaft hinzuweisen. Das Verbrechen per se interessiere ihn nicht, nur die Gründe, die dazu führen. Mario Conde, sein Polizist, der an den Umständen fast zerbricht und schließlich dem Beruf den Rücken kehrt („Das Meer der Illusionen“), beginnt in „Ein perfektes Leben“ als Verkäufer alter Bücher ein neues Leben. In den schlimmen Mangeljahren der 90-er konnte der Verkauf eines wertvollen Buchs das Überleben einer Familie für mehrere Monate sichern. Aus dem Ermittler machte Padura so einen Bücherfreak, dem löchrige Fluchtnischen durch die Lektüre gelangen Wer das aggressive Klima Kubas kennt, weiß um die Schwierigkeiten, die alle Liebhaber alter Kunst und alter Gebäude in der Salz zerfressenen Luft haben. In „Der Nebel von gestern“ (2008)  wird vor diesem Hintergrund der ehemalige Ermittler zu einen Bücherfreak, dem löchrige Fluchtnischen durch die Lektüre gelingen, und der gerade wegen seiner Büchersuche auf einen ungelösten Fall stößt. Verfall und Korruption begünstigen immer mehr Verbrechen, weshalb Padura seinen Helden weiter dazu benutzt, das Phänomen Kuba zu erklären. Mario Conde und seine hinreißende Freundesgruppe sind jedoch kein Teil eines Krimiklischees, sondern literarisch überzeugende Charaktere in einer farbigen Welt ohne Schwarzweiß-Effekthascherei.

„Ich glaube, dass die große Freiheit der zeitgenössischen Literatur darin besteht, dass sie erlaubt, dass so viele Autoren dieses Genre pflegen, indem sie es im Prinzip als urbane Literatur über Gewalt, Angst und Unsicherheit in den Städten begreifen. Und das bleibt weiterhin Kriminalliteratur“, erklärte Padura vor wenigen Jahren, als sein umwerfender Trotzki-Roman „Der Mann, der Hunde liebte“ (2009) bereits zeigte, wie er mit den Möglichkeiten des Krimis umging.

Den Blick in die Vergangenheit – und Padura geht von Buch zu Buch weiter zurück – verwendet der Schriftsteller, den Tagespolitik nicht interessiert, weil er größere Zusammenhänge beschreiben möchte. Deshalb erfand er auch für den Polizeiapparat seines Havanna-Quartetts eine Struktur, die so gar nicht existiert. Mit diesem Trick erschuf er sich Freiraum, um seine eigentlichen Themen bearbeiten zu können. Und Condes Nostalgie ist der Motor, den Padura geschickt einsetzt, um die Folgen geschichtlicher Fakten sichtbar zu machen.

Vier Jahrhunderte und vier verschiedene Kulturen verbindet Leonardo Padura in seinem neuen Roman „Ketzer“. Das Objekt der Handlung ist ein gestohlenes Bild von Rembrandt,der rote Faden ist das Thema der Sehnsucht und Suche nach persönlicher Freiheit, auch wenn dies Ausschluss und Verbannung mit sich bringt. Ketzerei beschäftigt Padura schon lange. In einem Interview 2005 erklärte er ausführlich das Phänomen der revoltierenden Jugend Kubas, die sich als Punks, Rastas und Emos zum Entsetzen ihrer Eltern außerhalb stellen, die Glaubensvorstellungen ihrer Familien nicht mehr teilen, egal ob es religiöse Inhalte oder politische Überzeugungen geht.

2007 setzt die Handlung ein. Der amerikanische Maler Elias Kaminsky besucht Havanna, um mit Condes Hilfe herauszufinden, ob sein verstorbener Vater die Wahrheit sagte: war er ein Mörder? War der Familienschatz, ein Bild von Rembrandt, tatsächlich von kriminellen Beamten der Battista-Regierung 1939 gestohlen worden? Aufgeteilt auf vier Kapitel analysiert Padura viele  Arten der Ketzerei, während er, minutiös recherchiert, das Stadtleben unterschiedlicher Epochen und Länder malt.

Der Jugend Kubas, die nicht einmal mehr die Möglichkeit der Flucht in schöngefärbte Erinnerungen hat, und den betrogenen 50-Jährigen stellt er die verzweifelt Asyl suchenden Juden gegenüber: „Obwohl sie ihre Pflicht gewissenhaft erfüllt und Opfer gebracht hatten, leben sie zwischen dem Nichts und der Leere, zwischen dem Vergessen und ständiger Frustration.“ Sie verbindet Padura mit den jüdischen Ketzern aus Rembrandts Amsterdam, der zerrissenen Gesellschaft in Battistas 50er Jahren, den kubanischen Flüchtlingen in Miami und der erschütternden Tragödie des Flüchtlingsschiffes St. Louis 1939 im Hafen von Havanna zu einem packenden Drama und verknotet Kuba literarisch in der Welt.

Man kennt zwar Pedro Juan Gutiérrez, Wendy Guerra, Arturo Arango, Senel Paz, aber viele junge Kubaner haben außerhalb Kubas noch nichts veröffentlicht. Das hängt zum Teil mit Marktgesetzen zusammen, schade ist es allemal. Vielleicht hilft „Ketzer“, die Neugier auf die Literatur dieser Insel im Wandel zu verstärken.

B.K.
Veröffentlicht am 18.6.2014 in der FURCHE

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